Climate change, differential impacts on women and gender mainstreaming: a case study of East Rapti Watershed, Nepal

Abstract

Women and water share a great deal of nexus in several ways. However, women have still minimal control over the management of water resources, making them more vulnerable to climate change. This paper assesses how climate
change impacts differently across different women groups using an intersectionality lens, thereby exploring the situation of gender mainstreaming in water
sector in three communities, namely, Karaiya, Basauli, and Dadagaun in Khairahani Municipality located in the East Rapti watershed, Nepal. In this perception-based study, we conducted three key informant interviews and household
interviews with 45 women of different castes, ages, communities, education
levels, and occupations. The results showed that different groups of women perceive climate change and its impact differently. For instance, women engaged
in agriculture are more aware of the impact of climate change and are affected
more by it because of changing trends in rainfall and temperature resulting in
water shortage and flooding. On the other hand, they experience more physical and mental stress because of a higher responsibility of both agriculture and
household . Despite 80% of female involvement in water user committees, there
is a gap in participation by all groups of women. Irrespective of literacy and
work engagement, women of Karaiya and Basauli, were less aware and active
than Dadagau in various water development and management activities because
of time constraints, family background, lesser interest, and awareness. Therefore, more efforts are required to achieve significant progress in gender mainstreaming considering intersectionality in the water sector and climate change.