Emerging Information and Communication Technologies for Monitoring India’s Marine Small-Scale Fisheries, Opportunities for Inclusion, Risks of Exclusion

Abstract

Adaptive, inclusive and effective management of fisheries resources is dependent on knowledge
from multiple quantitative and qualitative sources. As technology advances, there is an increasing
interest in digital and automated solutions for gathering fisheries data. Small-scale fisheries (SSF)
have presented a persistent challenge to many centralized quantitative data collection systems, and
frequently maintain the status of ‘unreported’. This unreported nature often implicates SSF in the
definition and discussions of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. Monitoring, control and
surveillance are seen as a vital part of the solution to IUU fishing, with substantial investment being put
into increasingly sophisticated technology for tracking fishing vessels. For the past few years, India
has been attempting to pass legislation to require all vessels, from small-scale to industrial, to install
vessel monitoring systems on the grounds of national security and combating IUU fishing. However,
there are concerns that a securitized and top-down approach to implement vessel tracking is not
only wasteful but risks further marginalization of small-scale fishers from the resource, and fisheries
groups from governance processes. India should seek to solve the underlying causes of IUU fishing
while also developing collaborative monitoring and community-based management models. In this
paper, we review evidence of emerging information and communication technologies and approaches
in SSF and discuss how, if introduced and managed through collaborative processes, they could be
used as a platform to strengthen inclusive governance, increase sustainability and improve wellbeing
in coastal fisheries in India